Exercise 1: Disk Management - Basic Storage
Here are some key issues pertaining to basic storage that have been addressed and are crucial for exam preparation.
Exercise 1: Basic Storage
Q1. Add 5 new disks in your VM each of 2 GB in size.
Q2. Create a new partition of 1 GB in the disk /dev/sdb.
[root@server ~]# gdisk /dev/nvme0n2
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.7
Partition table scan:
MBR: protective
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: present
Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT.
Command (? for help): n
Partition number (1-128, default 1):
First sector (34-10485726, default = 2048) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Last sector (2048-10485726, default = 10485726) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: +1G
Current type is 8300 (Linux filesystem)
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300):
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/nvme0n2: 10485760 sectors, 5.0 GiB
Model: VMware Virtual NVMe Disk
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): FA72ACD0-02EC-4442-B381-1BB02D112EAD
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 10485726
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 8388541 sectors (4.0 GiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 2099199 1024.0 MiB 8300 Linux filesystem
Command (? for help): w
Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): y
OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/nvme0n2.
lThe operation has completed successfully.Q3. Format this partition with XFS filesystem.
[root@server ~]# mkfs.xfs -f /dev/nvme0n2p1
meta-data=/dev/nvme0n2p1 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=65536 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
= reflink=1 bigtime=1 inobtcount=1 nrext64=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=262144, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=16384, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@server ~]# blkid /dev/nvme0n2p1
/dev/nvme0n2p1: UUID="4acfbb7f-e1ad-4893-ba19-116ff77e7458" TYPE="xfs" PARTLABEL="Linux filesystem" PARTUUID="48baa3ce-ced6-4f59-b616-b9f5fe608cb7"Q4. Mount the new partition on /pisdata1 directory such that it get mounted automatically at boot time.
# Add the below line to /etc/fstab
[root@server /]# cat /etc/fstab
/dev/nvme0n2p1 /pisdata1 xfs defaults 0 0
[root@server /]# mount -a
mount: (hint) your fstab has been modified, but systemd still uses
the old version; use 'systemctl daemon-reload' to reload.
[root@server /]# systemctl daemon-reload
[root@server /]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
nvme0n1 259:0 0 20G 0 disk
├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 600M 0 part /boot/efi
├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─nvme0n1p3 259:3 0 18.4G 0 part
├─cs-root 253:0 0 16.4G 0 lvm /
└─cs-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
nvme0n2 259:4 0 5G 0 disk
└─nvme0n2p1 259:6 0 1G 0 part /pisdata1
nvme0n3 259:8 0 6G 0 disk Q5. Create a 512MB disk partition in the same disk /dev/sdb for increasing swap space.
[root@server /]# gdisk /dev/nvme0n2
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.7
Partition table scan:
MBR: protective
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: present
Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT.
Command (? for help): n
Partition number (2-128, default 2):
First sector (34-10485726, default = 2099200) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Last sector (2099200-10485726, default = 10485726) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: +512M
Current type is 8300 (Linux filesystem)
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): 8200
Changed type of partition to 'Linux swap'
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/nvme0n2: 10485760 sectors, 5.0 GiB
Model: VMware Virtual NVMe Disk
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): FA72ACD0-02EC-4442-B381-1BB02D112EAD
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 10485726
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 7339965 sectors (3.5 GiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 2099199 1024.0 MiB 8300 Linux filesystem
2 2099200 3147775 512.0 MiB 8200 Linux swap
Command (? for help): w
Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): y
OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/nvme0n2.
Warning: The kernel is still using the old partition table.
The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you
run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
The operation has completed successfully.
[root@server /]# partprobe /dev/nvme0n2
[root@server /]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
nvme0n1 259:0 0 20G 0 disk
├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 600M 0 part /boot/efi
├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─nvme0n1p3 259:3 0 18.4G 0 part
├─cs-root 253:0 0 16.4G 0 lvm /
└─cs-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
nvme0n2 259:4 0 5G 0 disk
├─nvme0n2p2 259:5 0 512M 0 part
└─nvme0n2p1 259:6 0 1G 0 part /pisdata1
nvme0n3 259:8 0 6G 0 disk Q6. Format the newly created disk partition with swap filesystem.
[root@server /]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
nvme0n1 259:0 0 20G 0 disk
├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 600M 0 part /boot/efi
├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─nvme0n1p3 259:3 0 18.4G 0 part
├─cs-root 253:0 0 16.4G 0 lvm /
└─cs-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
nvme0n2 259:4 0 5G 0 disk
├─nvme0n2p2 259:5 0 512M 0 part
└─nvme0n2p1 259:6 0 1G 0 part /pisdata1
nvme0n3 259:8 0 6G 0 disk
# Format the partition to swap filesystem
[root@server /]# mkswap /dev/nvme0n2p2
mkswap: /dev/nvme0n2p2: warning: wiping old swap signature.
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 512 MiB (536866816 bytes)
no label, UUID=27cfc47f-fd30-4904-bcc5-11713ddd25b5
# Activate the SWAP
[root@server /]# swapon /dev/nvme0n2p2
[root@server /]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
nvme0n1 259:0 0 20G 0 disk
├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 600M 0 part /boot/efi
├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─nvme0n1p3 259:3 0 18.4G 0 part
├─cs-root 253:0 0 16.4G 0 lvm /
└─cs-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
nvme0n2 259:4 0 5G 0 disk
├─nvme0n2p2 259:5 0 512M 0 part [SWAP]
└─nvme0n2p1 259:6 0 1G 0 part /pisdata1
nvme0n3 259:8 0 6G 0 disk
# Previously the Swap total was 2Gi , now it has been added 512MiB
[root@server /]# free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3.5Gi 1.1Gi 1.8Gi 25Mi 812Mi 2.4Gi
Swap: 2.5Gi 0B 2.5Gi
Q7. Initialize this swap partition now as well as it should get initialized automatically during boot-time.
# Add the below line to /etc/fstab
[root@server /]# vim /etc/fstab
/dev/nvme0n2p2 none swap defaults 0 0
[root@server ~]# reboot
[root@server ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
nvme0n1 259:0 0 20G 0 disk
├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 600M 0 part /boot/efi
├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─nvme0n1p3 259:3 0 18.4G 0 part
├─cs-root 253:0 0 16.4G 0 lvm /
└─cs-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
nvme0n2 259:4 0 5G 0 disk
├─nvme0n2p1 259:5 0 1G 0 part /pisdata1
└─nvme0n2p2 259:6 0 512M 0 part [SWAP]
nvme0n3 259:7 0 6G 0 disk
[root@server ~]# free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3.5Gi 1.1Gi 1.9Gi 25Mi 711Mi 2.4Gi
Swap: 2.5Gi 0B 2.5Gi