Exercise 1: Disk Management - Basic Storage
Here are some key issues pertaining to basic storage that have been addressed and are crucial for exam preparation.
Exercise 1: Basic Storage
Q1. Add 5 new disks in your VM each of 2 GB in size.
Q2. Create a new partition of 1 GB in the disk /dev/sdb.
[root@server ~]# gdisk /dev/nvme0n2 GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.7 Partition table scan: MBR: protective BSD: not present APM: not present GPT: present Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT. Command (? for help): n Partition number (1-128, default 1): First sector (34-10485726, default = 2048) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: Last sector (2048-10485726, default = 10485726) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: +1G Current type is 8300 (Linux filesystem) Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem' Command (? for help): p Disk /dev/nvme0n2: 10485760 sectors, 5.0 GiB Model: VMware Virtual NVMe Disk Sector size (logical/physical): 512/512 bytes Disk identifier (GUID): FA72ACD0-02EC-4442-B381-1BB02D112EAD Partition table holds up to 128 entries Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33 First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 10485726 Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries Total free space is 8388541 sectors (4.0 GiB) Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name 1 2048 2099199 1024.0 MiB 8300 Linux filesystem Command (? for help): w Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING PARTITIONS!! Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): y OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/nvme0n2. lThe operation has completed successfully.
Q3. Format this partition with XFS filesystem.
[root@server ~]# mkfs.xfs -f /dev/nvme0n2p1 meta-data=/dev/nvme0n2p1 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=65536 blks = sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1 = crc=1 finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0 = reflink=1 bigtime=1 inobtcount=1 nrext64=0 data = bsize=4096 blocks=262144, imaxpct=25 = sunit=0 swidth=0 blks naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0, ftype=1 log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=16384, version=2 = sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1 realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0 [root@server ~]# blkid /dev/nvme0n2p1 /dev/nvme0n2p1: UUID="4acfbb7f-e1ad-4893-ba19-116ff77e7458" TYPE="xfs" PARTLABEL="Linux filesystem" PARTUUID="48baa3ce-ced6-4f59-b616-b9f5fe608cb7"
Q4. Mount the new partition on /pisdata1 directory such that it get mounted automatically at boot time.
# Add the below line to /etc/fstab [root@server /]# cat /etc/fstab /dev/nvme0n2p1 /pisdata1 xfs defaults 0 0 [root@server /]# mount -a mount: (hint) your fstab has been modified, but systemd still uses the old version; use 'systemctl daemon-reload' to reload. [root@server /]# systemctl daemon-reload [root@server /]# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom nvme0n1 259:0 0 20G 0 disk ├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 600M 0 part /boot/efi ├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 1G 0 part /boot └─nvme0n1p3 259:3 0 18.4G 0 part ├─cs-root 253:0 0 16.4G 0 lvm / └─cs-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP] nvme0n2 259:4 0 5G 0 disk └─nvme0n2p1 259:6 0 1G 0 part /pisdata1 nvme0n3 259:8 0 6G 0 disk
Q5. Create a 512MB disk partition in the same disk /dev/sdb for increasing swap space.
[root@server /]# gdisk /dev/nvme0n2 GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.7 Partition table scan: MBR: protective BSD: not present APM: not present GPT: present Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT. Command (? for help): n Partition number (2-128, default 2): First sector (34-10485726, default = 2099200) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: Last sector (2099200-10485726, default = 10485726) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: +512M Current type is 8300 (Linux filesystem) Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): 8200 Changed type of partition to 'Linux swap' Command (? for help): p Disk /dev/nvme0n2: 10485760 sectors, 5.0 GiB Model: VMware Virtual NVMe Disk Sector size (logical/physical): 512/512 bytes Disk identifier (GUID): FA72ACD0-02EC-4442-B381-1BB02D112EAD Partition table holds up to 128 entries Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33 First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 10485726 Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries Total free space is 7339965 sectors (3.5 GiB) Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name 1 2048 2099199 1024.0 MiB 8300 Linux filesystem 2 2099200 3147775 512.0 MiB 8200 Linux swap Command (? for help): w Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING PARTITIONS!! Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): y OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/nvme0n2. Warning: The kernel is still using the old partition table. The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8) The operation has completed successfully. [root@server /]# partprobe /dev/nvme0n2 [root@server /]# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom nvme0n1 259:0 0 20G 0 disk ├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 600M 0 part /boot/efi ├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 1G 0 part /boot └─nvme0n1p3 259:3 0 18.4G 0 part ├─cs-root 253:0 0 16.4G 0 lvm / └─cs-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP] nvme0n2 259:4 0 5G 0 disk ├─nvme0n2p2 259:5 0 512M 0 part └─nvme0n2p1 259:6 0 1G 0 part /pisdata1 nvme0n3 259:8 0 6G 0 disk
Q6. Format the newly created disk partition with swap filesystem.
[root@server /]# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom nvme0n1 259:0 0 20G 0 disk ├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 600M 0 part /boot/efi ├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 1G 0 part /boot └─nvme0n1p3 259:3 0 18.4G 0 part ├─cs-root 253:0 0 16.4G 0 lvm / └─cs-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP] nvme0n2 259:4 0 5G 0 disk ├─nvme0n2p2 259:5 0 512M 0 part └─nvme0n2p1 259:6 0 1G 0 part /pisdata1 nvme0n3 259:8 0 6G 0 disk # Format the partition to swap filesystem [root@server /]# mkswap /dev/nvme0n2p2 mkswap: /dev/nvme0n2p2: warning: wiping old swap signature. Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 512 MiB (536866816 bytes) no label, UUID=27cfc47f-fd30-4904-bcc5-11713ddd25b5 # Activate the SWAP [root@server /]# swapon /dev/nvme0n2p2 [root@server /]# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom nvme0n1 259:0 0 20G 0 disk ├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 600M 0 part /boot/efi ├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 1G 0 part /boot └─nvme0n1p3 259:3 0 18.4G 0 part ├─cs-root 253:0 0 16.4G 0 lvm / └─cs-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP] nvme0n2 259:4 0 5G 0 disk ├─nvme0n2p2 259:5 0 512M 0 part [SWAP] └─nvme0n2p1 259:6 0 1G 0 part /pisdata1 nvme0n3 259:8 0 6G 0 disk # Previously the Swap total was 2Gi , now it has been added 512MiB [root@server /]# free -h total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 3.5Gi 1.1Gi 1.8Gi 25Mi 812Mi 2.4Gi Swap: 2.5Gi 0B 2.5Gi
Q7. Initialize this swap partition now as well as it should get initialized automatically during boot-time.
# Add the below line to /etc/fstab [root@server /]# vim /etc/fstab /dev/nvme0n2p2 none swap defaults 0 0 [root@server ~]# reboot [root@server ~]# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom nvme0n1 259:0 0 20G 0 disk ├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 600M 0 part /boot/efi ├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 1G 0 part /boot └─nvme0n1p3 259:3 0 18.4G 0 part ├─cs-root 253:0 0 16.4G 0 lvm / └─cs-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP] nvme0n2 259:4 0 5G 0 disk ├─nvme0n2p1 259:5 0 1G 0 part /pisdata1 └─nvme0n2p2 259:6 0 512M 0 part [SWAP] nvme0n3 259:7 0 6G 0 disk [root@server ~]# free -h total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 3.5Gi 1.1Gi 1.9Gi 25Mi 711Mi 2.4Gi Swap: 2.5Gi 0B 2.5Gi